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Wednesday, April 1, 2009

Jannatu l-Baqī


Jannatu l-Baqī‘ (Arabic: جنة البقيع‎) (also spelt Jannat al-Baqī‘) is a cemetery in Medina, Saudi Arabia, located across from the Masjid al-Nabawi, in the southeastern of the mosque where The Prophet Muhammed is buried. This cemetery contains many of Muhammad's relatives and companions. Its name means "The Garden of Heaven",It is lso known with its old famous name Baqee Al Garqad, baqee means Garden or land with grew plants and Al Garqad is The large Lycium shawii trees (In Arabic:Alaosaj) a species of Boxthorn Plants. Many traditions relate Muhammad issuing a prayer every time he passed the cemetery.

History
When The Prophet Mohammed arrived Madinah from Makkah in September 622 Albaqee was a land covered with Lycium shawii trees ,during the construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi, Asa'ad Bin Zararah one of the prophet's companions died to be the first to buried in albaqee cemetery among Ansar. While Prophet Mohammed outside Madinah for Battle of Badr his daughter Roqayyah was sick and died in 624 she buried in Albaqee by her husband Uthman ibn Affan. shortly after Prophet arrived from Badr Uthman Bin Mazoun died and buried in Albaqee, Uthman Bin Mazoun considered the first Prophet companion from Muhajirun to be buried in Albaqee Cemetery .

The first enlargement of The Cemetery in history was made by Muawiyah the first Umayyad larder to bring the hush kaukab Farm where Uthman ibn Affan buried inside Albaqi Cemetery. Umayyad built first dome in albaqi over Uthman ibn Affan grave, during deferent time of history many domes and structures were built or rebuilt over many famous graves in albaqi.

Some important personalities buried at Jannat al-Baqi
Ibrahim – Muhammad's son by Maria al-Qibtiyya, died in infancy
Fatima Zahra – Muhammad's daughter by first wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, in an unknown grave
Hasan ibn Ali, 2nd Shia Imam, grandson of Muhammad, son of Fatima
Ali ibn Husayn, 4th Shia Imam, great-grandson of Muhammad
Muhammad al-Baqir, 5th Shia Imam
Jafar Sadiq, 6th Shia Imam (as)
Malik ibn Anas, Islamic jurist
Imam Shamil, Dagestan leader
Uthman ibn Affan - The third Caliph of the Rashidun
Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad
All of mothers of the believers, Muhammad's wives, except for Khadijah and Maymuna bint al-Harith
Many of Muhammad's aunts: Safiya and Aatika, and his aunt Fatima bint al-Asad, the mother of Hazrat Ali.

Companion of the Prophet [pbuh]






Khalifa Abu Bakr
Khalifa Umar bin al-Khattab
Khalifa Ali bin Talib
Khalifa Uthman bin Ghani
The Martrydom of Imam Husain
Abbad ibn Bishr
Abdullah ibn Abbas
Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi
Abdullah ibn Jahsh
Abdullah ibn Masud
Abdullah Ibn Sailam
Abdullah ibn Umar
Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum
Abdur-Rahman ibn Awl
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
Abu-d Dardaa
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
Abu Hurayrah
Abu-l Aas ibn ar-Rabiah
Abu Musa al-Ashari
Abu Sufyan ibn al Harith
Abu Ubaydah ibn al Jarrah
Adiyy ibn Hatim
Aishah bint Abi Bakr
Al-Baraa ibn Malik al-Ansari
Amr ibn al-Jamuh
An-Nuayman ibn Amr
An-Numan ibn Muqarrin
Asmaa bint Abu Bakr
At Tufayl ibn Amr ad Dawsi
Barakah
Fatimah bint Muhammad
Fayruz ad-Daylami
Habib ibn Zayd al-Ansari
Hakim ibn Hazm
Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl
Jafar ibn Abi Talib
Julaybib
Khabbab ibn al Aratt
Muadh ibn Jabal
Muhammad ibn Maslamah
Musab ibn Umayr
Nuaym ibn Masud
Rabiah ibn Kab
Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan
Rumaysa bint Milhan
Sad ibn Abi Waqqas
Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi
Said ibn Zayd
Salim Mawla Abi Hudhayfah
Salman al-Farsi
Suhayb ar-Rumi
Suhayl ibn Amr
Talhah ibn Ubaydullah
Thabit ibn Qays
Thumamah ibn Uthal
Ubayy ibn Kab
Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari
Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi
Umm Salamah
Uqbah ibn Aamir
Utbah ibn Ghazwan
Zayd al-Khayl
Zayd ibn Thabit

LETTERS OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD S.A.W.


The Prophet (pbuh) and his followers were busy digging the trench in preparation for the defense of their city, Medina, from the attack of more than ten thousand strong Meccan army that was only a few days away. The event that was to follow is known as the �Battle of Trench� (627 CE). It was during this digging that Umar (ra) needed help to dislodge a rock. The Prophet gave the rock a blow with a pickaxe at which a flare as of lightning flashed back over the city and toward the south. In an attempt to loosen it, he gave it another blow and again there was a flash but in the direction of Uhud mountain and beyond it toward the north. A third blow split the rock into fragments, and this time the light flashed eastwards. Salman Farsi, the Persian, (ra) saw the three flashes, and convinced that they must have some significance asked the Prophet for an interpretation. The Prophet answered:


By the light of the first I saw the castles of Yemen; by the light of the second I saw the castles of Syria; by the light of the third I saw the white palace of Kisra (Chosroes, King of Persia) at Mada'in. Through the first Allah (The One True God) has opened to me Yemen; through the second He has opened to me Syria and the West; and through the third the East.

The following year after the treaty of Hudaibiya, the Prophet decided to write to neighboring kings, including those of the two superpowers, summoning them to Islam. In order to make the selection of ambassadors to the rulers, he asked his Companions to assemble in the Mosque. After performing the obligatory prayer, he addressed them:


�O people! Allah has sent me as the one who is compassionate to the mankind and the prophet to the world. Therefore preach (the message of Islam) on my behalf, Allah will have Mercy upon you...�

The Prophet then selected some of his very competent companions as ambassadors to kings and heads of states. Some of them are listed below:

Dihyah ibn Khalifah al-Kalbi (ra) Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantines (Eastern Roman Empire)
'Abdullah bin Hudhafah (ra) Chosroes II (Emperor of Persian Empire)
'Amr bin Umayyah (ra) Negus, King of Abyssinia
Hatib' bin Abi Baitah (ra) Muqawqis, Ruler of Egypt
Shuja bin Wahab al-Asadi (ra) Harith Gassani, Governor of Syria
'Ala bin Hadrami (ra) al-Mundhir bin Sawa, Ruler of Bahrain

The wording of the Prophet�s letters was similar. The text of the letter sent to Heraclius was as follows:

�In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. This letter is from Muhammad the slave of Allah and his Apostle to Heraclius, the ruler of the Byzantines. Peace be upon him who follows the right path. Furthermore, I invite you to Islam and if you become a Muslim you will be safe, and Allah will double your reward, and if you reject this invitation of Islam you will be committing a sin by misguiding your subjects. And I recite to you Allah's statement:



�O People of the Scriptures! Come to a word common to you and us that we worship none but Allah and that we associate nothing in worship with Him, and that none of us shall take others as Lords beside Allah. Then if they turn away, say: Bear witness that we are Muslims (those who have surrendered to Allah). (Qur�an: Surah 3, Ayah 64).�


All the Prophet's letters were stamped with the words: �Muhammad Rasul-ullah" (Muhammad the Messenger of Allah). Three of the Prophet�s letters have been preserved.

Allah: Allah is the proper name in Arabic for The One and Only God, The Creator and Sustainer of the universe. It is used by the Arab Christians and Jews for the God (Eloh-im in Hebrew; 'Allaha' in Aramaic, the mother tongue of Jesus). The word Allah does not have a plural or gender. Allah does not have any associate or partner, and He does not beget nor was He begotten. SWT is an abbreviation of Arabic words that mean 'Glory Be To Him.'
s or pbuh: Peace Be Upon Him. This expression is used for all Prophets of Allah.
ra: Radiallahu Anhu (May Allah be pleased with him).

The non-Muslim verdict on Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)



K.S Ramakrishna Rao, an Indian Professor of Philosophy in his booklet, ("Muhammad, The Prophet of Islam") calls him the:

"Perfect model for human life."

Prof. Ramakrishna Rao explains his point by saying:

"The personality of Muhammad (pbuh), it is most difficult to get into the whole truth of it. Only a glimpse of it can I catch. What a dramatic succession of picturesque scenes! There is Muhammad (pbuh), the Prophet. There is Muhammad (pbuh), the Warrior, Muhammad (pbuh), the Businessman; Muhammad (pbuh), the Statesman; Muhammad (pbuh), the Orator; Muhammad (pbuh), the Reformer; Muhammad (pbuh), the Protector of Slaves; Muhammad (pbuh), the Emancipator of Women; Muhammad (pbuh), the Judge; Muhammad (pbuh), the Saint. All in all these magnificent roles, in all these departments of human activities, he is like a hero."

Michael Hart in "The 100, A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in the History," New York, 1978., p. 33

"My choice of Muhammad (pbuh) to lead the list of world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in the history who was supremely successful on both the secular and religious level. It is probable that the relative influence of Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. It is this unparalleled combination of the secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad (pbuh) to be considered to be the most influential single figure in human history."

M.K Gandhi, statement published in "Young India," 1924

I wanted to know the best of the life of one who holds today an undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind..........I became more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and his mission.

These and not the sword carried everything before them and surmounted every obstacle. When I closed the second volume (of the Prophet's biography), I was sorry there was no more for me to read of that great life."

THOMAS CALYLE in his HEROES AND HEROWORSHIP, was simply amazed as to:

"how one man single-handedly, could weld warring tribes and wandering Bedouins into a most powerful and civilized nation in less than two decades."

Sir Bernard Shaw in "THE GENUINE ISLAM, Singapore, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936"

"If any religion had the chance of ruling over England, nay Europe within the next hundred years, it would be Islam."

"I have always held the religion of Muhammad (pbuh) in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion, which appears to me to possess that assimilation capacity to the changing phase of existence, which can make itself appeal in every age. I have studied him (Muhammad (pbuh)) - the wonderful man and in my opinion far from being an anti-Christ, he must be called the savior of humanity."

"I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would bring it the much needed peace and happiness: I have prophesized about the faith in Muhammad (pbuh) that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to the Europe today."

Sir Bernard Shaw said about him:

He was by far the most remarkable man that ever set foot on this earth. He preached a religion, founded a state, built a nation, laid down a moral code, initiated numerous social and political reforms, established a powerful and dynamic society to practice and represent his teachings and completely revolutionized the worlds of human thought and behavior for all times to come.

EDWARD GIBBON and SIMON OCKLEY speaking on the profession of ISLAM write:

"'I BELIEVE IN ONE GOD, AND MAHOMET, AN APOSTLE OF GOD' is the simple and invariable profession of Islam. The intellectual image of the Deity has never been degraded by any visible idol; the honor of the Prophet has never transgressed the measure of human virtues; and his living precepts have restrained the gratitude of his disciples within the bounds of reason and religion."
(HISTORY OF THE SARACEN EMPIRES, London, 1870, p. 54)

Alfonso de Lamartine, the renowned historian speaking on the essentials of human greatness wonders:

"Never has a man set for himself, voluntarily or involuntarily, a more sublime aim, since this aim was superhuman; to subvert superstitions which had been imposed between man and his Creator, to render God unto man and man unto God; to restore the rational and sacred idea of divinity amidst the chaos of the material and disfigured gods of idolatry, then existing. Never has a man undertaken a work so far beyond human power with so feeble means, for he (Muhammad (pbuh)) has in conception as well as in execution of such a great design, no other instrument than himself and no other aid except a handful of men living in a corner of the desert. Finally, never has a man accomplished such a huge and lasting revolution in the world, because in less than two centuries after its appearance, Islam, in faith and in arms reigned over the whole of Arabia, and conquered, in God's name, Persia, Khorasan, Transoxania, Western India, Syria, Egypt, Abyssina, all the known parts of Northern Africa, numerous islands of the Mediterranean Sea, Spain, and part of Gaul."

"If greatness of purpose, smallness of means and astounding results are the three criteria of human genius, who could dare to compare any great man in modern history with Muhammad? The most famous men created arms, laws and empires only. They founded, if anything at all, no more than material powers which often crumbled away before their eyes. This man moved not only armies, legislation, empires, peoples and dynasties, but millions of men in one-third of the then inhabited world; and more than that, he moved the altars, the gods, the religions, the ideas, the beliefs and souls....his forbearance in victory, his ambition, which was entirely devoted to one idea and in no manner striving for an empire; his endless prayers, his mystic conversations with God, his death and his triumph after death; all these attest not to an imposture but to a firm conviction which gave him the power to restore a dogma. This dogma was two-fold, the unity of God and the immateriality of God; the former telling what God is, the latter telling what God is not; the one overthrowing false gods with the sword, the other starting an idea with the words.

"Philosopher, orator, apostle, legislator, warrior, conqueror of ideas, restorer of rational dogmas, of a cult without images, the founder of twenty terrestrial empires and of one spiritual empire, that is MUHAMMAD. As regards all the standards by which Human Greatness may be measured, we may well ask, IS THERE ANY MAN GREATER THAN HE?"
(Alfonso de Lamartine, HISTOIRE DE LA TURQUIE, Paris, 1854, Vol.II, pp 276-277)

Dr. Gustav Well in "History of Islamic Peoples."

"Muhammad was a shining example to his people. His character was pure and stainless. His house, his dress, his food - they were characterized by a rare simplicity. So unpretentious was he that he would receive from his companions no special mark of reverence, nor would he accept any service from his slave which he could do for himself. He was acceptable to all and at all times. He visited the sick and was full of sympathy for all. Unlimited was his benevolence and generosity as also was his anxious care for the welfare of the community."

J.W.H. Stab in "Islam and its founder"

"Judged by the smallness of means at his disposal, and the extent and permanence of the work he accomplished, his name in world's history shines with a more specious lustre than that of the Prophet of Makkah. To the impulse which he gave numberless dynasties have owed their existence, fair cities and stately places and temples have arisen, and wide provinces became obedient to the faith. And beyond all this, his words have governed the belief of generations, been accepted as their rule of life, and their certain guide to the world to come. At thousand shrines the voices of the faithful invoke blessings on him, whom they esteem the very Prophet of God, the seal of the Apostles...

Judged by the standards to human renown, the glory of what mortal can compare with this?"

Edward Montet

Islam is a religion that is essentially rationalistic in the wildest sense of this term considered etymologically and historically...the teaching of the Prophet, the Quran has invariably kept its place as the fundamental starting point, and the dogma of unity of God has always been proclaimed therein with a grandeur of majesty, and invariable purity and with note of sure conviction, which it is hard to find surpassed outside the pale of Islam...A creed so precise, so stripped of all theological complexities and consequently so accessible to the ordinary outstanding might be expected to posses and does indeed possess a marvelous power of winning its way into the consciences of men."
"La propagnde Chretienne et ses Adversaries Musulmans," Paris 1890.(Also in T.W.Arnoldin " The Preaching of Islam," London 1913.)

Arthur Glyn Leonard in "Islam, her Moral and Spiritual values."

"It was a genius of Muhammad, the spirit that he breathed into the Arabs through the soul of Islam that exalted the. That raised them out of the lethargy and low level of tribal stagnation up to the watermark of national unity and empire. It was in the sublimity of Mohammed's deism, the simplicity, the sobriety and purity it inculcated the fidelity of its founder to its own tenets, that acted on their moral and intellectual fiber with all magnetism of inspiration."

Speaking on the subject of equality before God in Islam, the famous poetess of India, SAROJINI NAIDU says:

"It was the first religion that preached and practiced democracy; for, in the mosque when the call for prayer is sounded and worshipers are gathered together, democracy of Islam is embodied five times a day when the peasant and king kneel side by side and proclaim; "God Alone is Great" ... I have been struck over and over again by this invisible unity of Islam that makes man instinctively a brother."
(S. Naidu, IDEALS OF ISLAM, vide Speeches & Writings, Madras, 1918, p. 169)

Lane Poole

He was the most faithful protector, the Sweetest and most agreeable in conversation. Those who saw him were suddenly filled with reverence, those who came near him loved him; they who described him would say, "I have never seen his like either before or after." He was of great taciturnity, but when he spoke it was with emphasis and deliberation, and no one could forget what he said ...
in 'Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Muhammad'

Professor Jules Masserman:

"People like Pasteur and Salk are leaders in the first sense. People like Gandhi and Confucius, on one hand, and Alexander, Caesar and Hitler on the other, are leaders in the second and perhaps the third sense. Jesus and Buddha belong in the third category alone. Perhaps the greatest leader of all times was Mohammed, who combined all three functions. To a lesser degree, Moses did the same."

Diwan Chand Sharma says:

"Muhammad was the soul of kindness, and his influence was felt and never forgotten by those around him."
(D.C. Sharma, The Prophets of the East, Calcutta 1935, page 122)

John William Draper, M.D., L.L.D.:

"Four years after the death of Justinian, A.D. 569, was born at Mecca, in Arabia the man who, of all men exercised the greatest influence upon the human race . . . Mohammed . . ."
A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, London 1875, Vol. 1, pp. 329-330

John Austin, "Muhammad the Prophet of Allah," in T.P.'s and Cassel's Weekly for 24th September 1927:

"In little more than a year he was actually the spiritual, nominal and temporal rule of Medina, with his hands on the lever that was to shake the world."

In the words of PROF. HURGRONJE:

"The league of nations founded by the prophet of Islam put the principle of international unity and human brotherhood on such universal foundations as to show candle to other nations." He continues: "The fact is that no nation of the world can show a parallel to what Islam has done towards the realization of the idea of the League of Nations."

Annie Besant:

"It is impossible for anyone who studies the life and character of the great prophet of Arabia, who knows how he taught and how he lived, to feel anything but reverence for that mighty Prophet, one of the great messengers of the Supreme. And although in what I put to you I shall say many things which may be familiar to many, yet I myself feel whenever I re-read them, a new way of admiration, a new of reverence for that mighty Arabian teacher."
The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, Madras 1932, page 4

Encyclopedia Britannica:

"Muhammad is the most successful of all Prophets and religious personalities."

Encyclopedia Britannica further confirms:

"....a mass of detail in the early sources show that he was an honest and upright man who had gained the respect and loyalty of others who were like-wise honest and upright men." (Vol. 12)

Rev. R. Bosworth-Smith in "Mohammed and Mohammedanism 1946:"

"By a fortune absolutely unique in history, Mohammed is a threefold founder of a nation, of an empire, and of a religion."

Rev. R. Bosworth-Smith:

"Head of the State as well as the Church, he was Caesar and Pope in one; but, he was Pope without the Pope's pretensions, and Caesar without the legions of Caesar, without a standing army, without a bodyguard, without a police force, without a fixed revenue. If ever a man had the right to say that he ruled by a right divine, it was Muhammad, for he had all the powers without their supports. He cared not for the dressings of power. The simplicity of his private life was in keeping with his public life."

The Seal of the Prophet Mohammad S.A.W.